Testwiki:漢語發音表記

現代標準漢語

以下為根據漢語拼音而來的發音表記。詳細請參考w:現代標準漢語#語音系統。

声母

发音方法＼发音部位		双唇音	唇齿音	齿龈音		卷舌音	龈颚音	软颚音
塞音（清音）	不送气	‹b›　Template:IPA1 ㄅ　玻			‹d›　Template:IPA1 ㄉ　得			‹g›　Template:IPA1 ㄍ　哥
塞音（清音）	送气	‹p›　Template:IPA1 ㄆ　坡			‹t›　Template:IPA1 ㄊ　特			‹k›　Template:IPA1 ㄎ　科
塞擦音（清音）	不送气			‹z›　Template:IPA1 ㄗ　资		‹zh›　Template:IPA1 ㄓ　知	‹j›　Template:IPA1 ㄐ　基
塞擦音（清音）	送气			‹c›　Template:IPA1 ㄘ　雌		‹ch›　Template:IPA1 ㄔ　蚩	‹q›　Template:IPA1 ㄑ　欺
擦音（清音）			‹f›　Template:IPA1 ㄈ　佛	‹s›　Template:IPA1 ㄙ　思		‹sh›　Template:IPA1 ㄕ　诗	‹x›　Template:IPA1 ㄒ　希	‹h›　Template:IPA1 ㄏ　喝
鼻音（浊音）		‹m›　Template:IPA1 ㄇ　摸			‹n›　Template:IPA1 ㄋ　讷
边音（浊音）					‹l›　Template:IPA1 ㄌ　勒
通音（浊音）						‹r›　Template:IPA1 ㄖ　日

韻母

	开口呼	齐齿呼	合口呼	撮口呼
单元音韵母	‹-i›　Template:IPA1 ㄭ　之、资的韵母	‹i›　Template:IPA1 丨　衣	‹u›　Template:IPA1 ㄨ　乌	‹ü›　Template:IPA1 ㄩ　迂
	‹a›　Template:IPA1 ㄚ　啊	‹ia›　Template:IPA1 丨ㄚ　呀	‹ua›　Template:IPA1 ㄨㄚ　蛙
	‹o›　Template:IPA1 ㄛ　喔		‹uo›　Template:IPA1 ㄨㄛ　窝
	‹e›　Template:IPA1 ㄜ　鹅
	‹ê›　Template:IPA1 ㄝ　诶	‹ie›　Template:IPA1 丨ㄝ　耶		‹üe›　Template:IPA1 ㄩㄝ　约
	‹er›　Template:IPA1 ㄦ　儿
复元音韵母	‹ai›　Template:IPA1 ㄞ　哀		‹uai›　Template:IPA1 ㄨㄞ　歪
	‹ei›　Template:IPA1 ㄟ　诶		‹u(e)i›　Template:IPA1 ㄨㄟ　威
	‹ao›　Template:IPA1 ㄠ　熬	‹iao›　Template:IPA1 丨ㄠ　腰
	‹ou›　Template:IPA1 ㄡ　欧	‹iou›　Template:IPA1 丨ㄡ　优
带鼻音韵母	‹an›　Template:IPA1 ㄢ　安	‹ian›　Template:IPA1 丨ㄢ　烟	‹uan›　Template:IPA1 ㄨㄢ　弯	‹üan›　Template:IPA1 ㄩㄢ　冤
	‹en›　Template:IPA1 ㄣ　恩	‹in›　Template:IPA1 丨ㄣ　因	‹u(e)n›　Template:IPA1 ㄨㄣ　温	‹ün›　Template:IPA1 ㄩㄣ　晕
	‹ang›　Template:IPA1 ㄤ　昂	‹iang›　Template:IPA1 丨ㄤ　央	‹uang›　Template:IPA1 ㄨㄤ　汪
	‹eng›　Template:IPA1 ㄥ　亨的韵母	‹ing›　Template:IPA1 丨ㄥ　英	‹ueng/ong›　Template:IPA1 ㄨㄥ　翁	同‹iong›
	‹ong›　Template:IPA1 ㄨㄥ　轰的韵母	‹iong›　Template:IPA1 ㄩㄥ　庸

粵語

廣州話拼音對照表

聲母

	IPA	寬式IPA	黃錫凌	廣州	教院	粵拼	耶魯	劉錫祥	Meyer-Wempe	越语式
波	[p]	[b]	b	b	b	b	b	b	p	b
婆	[pʰ]	[p]	p	p	p	p	p	p	p'	p
摸	[m]	[m]	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
科	[f]	[f]	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f
多	[t]	[d]	d	d	d	d	d	d	t	t
拖	[tʰ]	[t]	t	t	t	t	t	t	t'	th
挪	[n]	[n]	n	n	n	n	n	n	n	n
羅	[l]	[l]	l	l	l	l	l	l	l	l
哥	[k]	[g]	g	g	g	g	g	g	k	k
卡	[kʰ]	[k]	k	k	k	k	k	k	k'	kh
我	[ŋ]	[ŋ]	ng	ng	ng	ng	ng	ng	ng	ng
何	[h]	[h]	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h
左	[t͡s]	[d͡z]	dz	z	dz	z	j	j	ts	ch
知	[t͡ɕ]	[d͡z]	dz	j	dz	z	j	j	ch	ch
初	[t͡sʰ]	[t͡s]	ts	c	ts	c	ch	ch	ts'	ts
雌	[t͡ɕʰ]	[t͡s]	ts	q	ts	c	ch	ch	ch'	ts
梳	[s]	[s]	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s
思	[ɕ]	[s]	s	x	s	s	s	s	sh	s
姑	[kʷ]	[gw]	gw	gu	gw	gw	gw	gw	kw	gw
箍	[kʷʰ]	[kw]	kw	ku	kw	kw	kw	kw	k'w	kw
也	[j]	[j]	y	y	j	j	y	y	y/i	d
華	[w]	[w]	w	w	w	w	w	w	w/oo	w

韻母

	IPA	寬式IPA	黃錫凌	廣州	教院	粵拼	耶魯	劉錫祥	Meyer-Wempe	越语式
呀	[ɑː]	[a]	aa	a	aa	aa	a	a	a	a
挨	[ɑːi]	[ai]	aai	ai	aai	aai	aai	aai	aai	ai
拗	[ɑːu]	[au]	aau	ao	aau	aau	aau	aau	aau	ao
(監)	[ɑːm]	[am]	aam	am	aam	aam	aam	aam	aam	am
晏	[ɑːn]	[an]	aan	an	aan	aan	aan	aan	aan	an
罌	[ɑːŋ]	[aŋ]	aang	ang	aang	aang	aang	aang	aang	ang
鴨	[ɑːp]	[ap]	aap	ab	aap	aap	aap	aap	aap	ap
押	[ɑːt]	[at]	aat	ad	aat	aat	aat	aat	aat	at
(客)	[ɑːk]	[ak]	aak	ag	aak	aak	aak	aak	aak	ac
矮	[ɐi]	[ɐi]	ai	ei	ai	ai	ai	ai	ai	ây
歐	[ɐu]	[ɐu]	au	eo	au	au	au	au	au	âu
庵	[ɐm]	[ɐm]	am	em	am	am	am	am	am/om	âm
(恩)	[ɐn]	[ɐn]	an	en	an	an	an	an	an	anh
鶯	[ɐŋ]	[ɐŋ]	ang	eng	ang	ang	ang	ang	ang	ǎng
(急)	[ɐp]	[ɐp]	ap	eb	ap	ap	ap	ap	ap/op	ǎp
(不)	[ɐt]	[ɐt]	at	ed	at	at	at	at	at	ach
(德)	[ɐk]	[ɐk]	ak	eg	ak	ak	ak	ak	ak	ǎc
誒	[ɛː]	[ɛ]	e	é	e	e	e	e	e	e
(非)	[ei]	[ei]	ei	éi	ei	ei	ei	ei	ei	i
(掉)*	[ɛːu]				eu	eu
(舔)*	[ɛːm]				em	em
(鏡)	[ɛːŋ]	[ɛŋ]	eng	éng	eng	eng	eng	eng	eng	eng
(夾)*	[ɛːp]				ep	ep
(尺)	[ɛːk]	[ɛk]	ek	ég	ek	ek	ek	ek	ek	ec
衣	[iː]	[i]	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	ia
妖	[iːu]	[iu]	iu	iu	iu	iu	iu	iu	iu	iu
淹	[iːm]	[im]	im	im	im	im	im	im	im	im
煙	[iːn]	[in]	in	in	in	in	in	in	in	in
英	[ɪŋ]	[iŋ]	ing	ing	ing	ing	ing	ing	ing	ing
葉	[iːp]	[ip]	ip	ib	ip	ip	ip	ip	ip	ip
熱	[iːt]	[it]	it	id	it	it	it	it	it	it
益	[ɪk]	[ik]	ik	ig	ik	ik	ik	ik	ik	ic
柯	[ɔː]	[ɔ]	o	o	o	o	o	oh	oh	o
哀	[ɔːi]	[ɔi]	oi	oi	oi	oi	oi	oi	oi	oi
奧	[ou]	[ou]	ou	ou	ou	ou	ou	o	o	u
安	[ɔːn]	[ɔn]	on	on	on	on	on	on	on	on
(康)	[ɔːŋ]	[ɔŋ]	ong	ong	ong	ong	ong	ong	ong	oong
(渴)	[ɔːt]	[ɔt]	ot	od	ot	ot	ot	ot	ot	ot
惡	[ɔːk]	[ɔk]	ok	og	ok	ok	ok	ok	ok	oot
烏	[uː]	[u]	u	u	u	u	u	oo	oo	ua
煨	[uːi]	[ui]	ui	ui	ui	ui	ui	ooi	ooi	ui
碗	[uːn]	[un]	un	un	un	un	un	oon	oon	un
甕	[ʊŋ]	[uŋ]	ung	ung	ung	ung	ung	ung	ung	ung
活	[uːt]	[ut]	ut	ud	ut	ut	ut	oot	oot	ut
屋	[ʊk]	[uk]	uk	ug	uk	uk	uk	uk	uk	uc
靴	[œː]	[œ]	eu	ê	oe	oe	eu	euh	oeh	uêa
(香)	[œːŋ]	[œŋ]	eung	êng	oeng	oeng	eung	eung	eung	uơng
(約)	[œːk]	[œk]	euk	êg	oek	oek	euk	euk	euk	uơc
(去)	[ɵy]	[œy]	eue	êu	oey	eoi	eui	ui	ui	uâi
(春)	[ɵn]	[œn]	eun	ên	oen	eon	un	un	un	uânh
(律)	[ɵt]	[œt]	eut	êd	oet	eot	ut	ut	ut	uâch
於	[yː]	[y]	ue	ü	y	yu	yu	ue	ue	uya
冤	[yːn]	[yn]	uen	ün	yn	yun	yun	uen	uen	uyn
月	[yːt]	[yt]	uet	üd	yt	yut	yut	uet	uet	uyt
唔	[m̩]	[m̩]	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	uhm
五	[ŋ̩]	[ŋ̩]	ng	ng	ng	ng	ng	ng	ng	uhm

*:口語變異
黃錫凌羅馬拼音 euue 省略成 eue, 廣州話拼音方案 êü 省略成 êu
在廣州話拼音方案，聲母 j, q, x 是用來拼寫 i, ü 韻之用，另外 ü 行的韻母用來拼 j, q, x 時，省略兩點

聲調

下表的平、上、去聲以 “a” 音為例，入聲以 “at” 音為例。

	IPA	寬式IPA	黃錫凌	廣州	教院	粵拼	耶魯	劉錫祥	Meyer-Wempe	越语式
陰平，53	˥˧	Template:Unicode	Template:Unicode	1	1	1	Template:Unicode	1	a	á
高平，55	˥˥	Template:Unicode	Template:Unicode	1	1	1	Template:Unicode	1⁰	a
陰上，35	˧˥	Template:Unicode	Template:Unicode	2	2	2	Template:Unicode	2	Template:Unicode	ã
陰去，33	˧˧	Template:Unicode	Template:Unicode	3	3	3	a	3	Template:Unicode	a
陽平，21或11	˨˩ 或 ˩˩	Template:Unicode	Template:Unicode	4	4	4	Template:Unicode	4	Template:Unicode	à
陽上，13或23	˩˧ 或 ˨˧	Template:Unicode	Template:Unicode	5	5	5	Template:Unicode	5	Template:Unicode	ạ
陽去，22	˨˨	Template:Unicode	Template:Unicode	6	6	6	ah	6	Template:Unicode	à
陰入，5	˥	Template:Unicode	Template:Unicode	1	7或1	1	Template:Unicode	1	at	á
中入，3	˧	Template:Unicode	Template:Unicode	3	8或3	3	at	3	Template:Unicode	a
陽入，2	˨	Template:Unicode	Template:Unicode	6	9或6	6	aht	6	Template:Unicode	à

台山話拼音對照表

聲母

IPA	維基詞典	Stephen Li	Gene Chin	國防語言學院	例
/t͡sʰ/	c	ts	ch	ch’	床
/p/	b	b	b	p	鼻
/t/	d	d	d	t	樽
/k/	g	g	g	k	見
/f/	f	f	f	f	風
/h/	h	h	h	h	台
/kʰ/	k	k	k	k’	佢
/ᵐb/	m	m	m	m	乜
/l/	l	l	l	l	老
/ⁿd/	n	n	n	n	你
/pʰ/	p	p	p	p’	皮
/ᵑg/	ng	ŋ	ng	ng	人
/tʰ/	t	t	t	t’	窗
/v/	v	v	v	w	話
/ʒ/	y	y	y	y	嘢
/t͡s/	z	dz	j	ch	州
/ɬ/	lh	ɬ	x	lh	三
/s/	s	s	s	s	山

韻母

IPA	維基詞典	Stephen Li	Gene Chin	國防語言學院	例
/iu/	iu	iu	iu	iu	優
/ak̚/	ak	ak	ak	aak	得
/am/	am	am	am	aam	三
/iak̚/	iak	iak	ek	iak	糴
/eu/	eu	ǝu	eo	aau	斗
/i/	i	i	i	i	皮
/iau/	iau	iau	el	iau	釣
/un/	un	un	un	oon	敦
/ᵘɔ/	o	ɔ	o	o	多
/ɔk̚/	ok	ɔk	ok	ok	惡
/iaŋ/	iang	iaŋ	eng	iang	釘
/ᵘɔi/	oi	ɔi	oi	oi	愛
/iap̚/	iap	iap	ep	iep	碟
/iɛ/	ie	ia	eh	e	嗲
/ɵŋ/	uung	ǝŋ	ung	ung	龍
/au/	au	ɔu	ao	aau	老
/im/	im	im	im	im	音
/ɔŋ/	ong	ɔŋ	ong	ong	當
/em/	em	ǝm	eim	?	含
/an/	an	an	an	aan	丹
/ep̚/	ep	ǝp	eip	?	𢱕
/et̚/	et	ɛt	eik	?	跌
/ip̚/	ip	ip	ip	ip	邑
/ᵘɔt̚/	ot	ɔt	ot	ot	乜
/aŋ/	ang	aŋ	ang	aang	登
/m̩/	m	m	m	m	五
/ɵt̚/	uut	ut	ut	?	律
/ut̚/	ut	ut	ut	oot	突
/ɵk̚/	uuk	ǝk	uk	uk	六
/in/	in	in	in	in	因
/ei/	ei	i	i	i	耳
/ᵘɔn/	on	ɔn	on	on	安
/ui/	ui	ui	ui	ooi	對
/at̚/	at	at	at	aat	押
/u/	u	u	u	oo	都
/iam/	iam	iam	em	iem	店
/it̚/	it	it	it	it	一
/en/	en	ein	ein	ien	丁
/a/	a	a	a	a	阿
/ai/	ai	ai	ai	aai	大
/ap̚/	ap	ap	ap	aap	搭

聲調

調值	維基詞典	Gene Chin	國防語言學院	例
33	1	ä	à	偷
55	2	ā	a	口
22	3	ã	ā	頭
21	4	â	ạ̄	厚
32	5	à	â	後

變調

調值	維基詞典	Gene Chin	國防語言學院	例
335	1*	ä/	à*	頭先
225	3*	ã/	ā*	近來
215	4*	â/	ạ̄*	去街
325	5*	à/	â*	台山話

閩南語

閩南語白話字

聲母

	塞音及塞擦音			鼻音	擦音	邊音
	清音		濁音
	不送氣	送氣	濁音
唇音	p Template:IPA1 邊	ph Template:IPA1 頗	b Template:IPA1 文	m Template:IPA1 毛
舌音	t Template:IPA1 地	th Template:IPA1 他		n Template:IPA1 耐		l Template:IPA1 柳
齒音	ch Template:IPA1 曾	chh Template:IPA1 出	j Template:IPA1 入		s Template:IPA1 時
牙音	k Template:IPA1 求	kh Template:IPA1 去	g Template:IPA1 語	ng Template:IPA1 雅
喉音					h Template:IPA1 喜

「唇舌齒牙喉」依傳統五音，與現代語言學的發音部位分法不儘相同。
漢字為傳統十五音，但「毛、耐、雅」十五音裡沒有；另十五音有零聲母「英」，白話字不標。

元音

	前元音	央元音	後元音
高元音	i Template:IPA1		u Template:IPA1
中元音	e Template:IPA1	o Template:IPA1	o· Template:IPA1
低元音	a Template:IPA1

有些腔調的o是發成半閉後圓唇元音 Template:IPA1、半閉後不圓唇元音Template:IPA1。

聲調

（以a為標注範例）

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
陰平	陰上	陰去	陰入	陽平	陽上	陽去	陽入
a	á	à	a+入聲韻尾	â	ā	ā	Template:Unicode+入聲韻尾

備注

七聲調區，第6聲（陽上）併入第7聲（陽去），是為聲韻學上「濁上變去」。
第4、8聲為入聲。
入聲韻尾：有 -p、-t、-k、-h 四種。喉塞音韻尾 -h 僅會出現於白讀。

客家話

客家話拼音方案

字母

拼音採用拉丁字母，其中r、w不用來拼寫梅縣客家話。ê 是字母 e 的變體，用以代表 Template:IPA1。

聲母

聲母總數為19個。不以輔音為首的音節，稱為零聲母。列表如下：

b Template:IPA1 波	p Template:IPA1 婆	m Template:IPA1 摸	f Template:IPA1 火	v Template:IPA1 窩
d Template:IPA1 多	t Template:IPA1 拖	n Template:IPA1 挪	l Template:IPA1 羅
g Template:IPA1 哥	k Template:IPA1 科	ng Template:IPA1 我	h Template:IPA1 河
j Template:IPA1 擠	q Template:IPA1 妻	x Template:IPA1 西
z Template:IPA1 資	c Template:IPA1 雌	s Template:IPA1 思

資 zi¹、雌 ci¹、思 si¹ 等字的韻母用 i Template:IPA1。

韻母

韻母總數為74個。列表如下：

i Template:IPA1 資	i Template:IPA1 衣	u Template:IPA1 姑
a Template:IPA1 阿	ia Template:IPA1 也	ua Template:IPA1 掛
o Template:IPA1 哦	io Template:IPA1 喲	uo Template:IPA1 過
ê Template:IPA1 這	iê Template:IPA1 (撒)	uê Template:IPA1 穢
ai Template:IPA1 挨	iai Template:IPA1 椰	uai Template:IPA1 怪
oi Template:IPA1 哀
au Template:IPA1 凹	iau Template:IPA1 腰
êu Template:IPA1 歐
	iu Template:IPA1 有
	iui Template:IPA1 銳	ui Template:IPA1 貴
am Template:IPA1 庵	iam Template:IPA1 淹
êm Template:IPA1 砧
em Template:IPA1 針	im Template:IPA1 陰
an Template:IPA1 班	ian Template:IPA1 煙	uan Template:IPA1 關
on Template:IPA1 安	ion Template:IPA1 阮	uon Template:IPA1 管
ên Template:IPA1 恩	iên Template:IPA1 邊	uên Template:IPA1 耿
en Template:IPA1 真	in Template:IPA1 因
	iun Template:IPA1 允	un Template:IPA1 敦
ang Template:IPA1 冷	iang Template:IPA1 影	uang Template:IPA1 礦
ong Template:IPA1 江	iong Template:IPA1 央	uong Template:IPA1 光
	iung Template:IPA1 雍	ung Template:IPA1 工
ab Template:IPA1 鴨	iab Template:IPA1 葉
êb Template:IPA1 粒
eb Template:IPA1 汁	ib Template:IPA1 邑
ad Template:IPA1 八	iad Template:IPA1 乙	uad Template:IPA1 刮
od Template:IPA1 遏
êd Template:IPA1 北	iêd Template:IPA1 鱉	uêd Template:IPA1 國
ed Template:IPA1 質	id Template:IPA1 一
	iud Template:IPA1 -{郁}-	ud Template:IPA1 骨
ag Template:IPA1 扼	iag Template:IPA1 錫	uag Template:IPA1 □
og Template:IPA1 惡	iog Template:IPA1 約	uog Template:IPA1 郭
	iug Template:IPA1 育	ug Template:IPA1 督
m Template:IPA1 唔	n Template:IPA1 五

i 行的韻母，前面沒有聲母的時候，寫成 yi、ya、yo、yê、yai、yau、yu、yui、yam、yim、yan、yin、yun、yang、yong、yung、yab、yib、yad、yid、yud、yag、yog、yug。

聲調

調類	陰平	陽平	上聲	去聲	陰入	陽入
調號	1	2	3	4	5	6
調值	44	11	31	52	11	55
	fu¹	fu²	fu³	fu⁴	fug⁵	fug⁶
例字	夫	扶	府	富	福	服

外部鏈接

客語字典查尋

晉語

聲母

IPA	維基詞典	例	註
Template:IPAchar	b	巴
Template:IPAchar	p	爬
Template:IPAchar	m	麻
Template:IPAchar	f	夫
Template:IPAchar	v	挖
Template:IPAchar	d	打
Template:IPAchar	t	他
Template:IPAchar	n	拿
Template:IPAchar	l	拉
Template:IPAchar	z	渣
Template:IPAchar	c	查
Template:IPAchar	s	沙
Template:IPAchar	r	如
Template:IPAchar	j	家
Template:IPAchar	q	拤
Template:IPAchar	x	蝦
Template:IPAchar	g	嘎
Template:IPAchar	k	卡
Template:IPAchar	h	哈
Template:IPAchar	gh	我	舊式; = 新式 Template:IPAchar
Template:IPAchar	ng	我	新式; = 舊式 Template:IPAchar

韻母

IPA	維基詞典	例	註
Template:IPAchar	i	知	只在 Template:IPAchar前
Template:IPAchar	i	衣
Template:IPAchar	u	胡
Template:IPAchar	y	魚
Template:IPAchar	er	兒
Template:IPAchar	a	哈
Template:IPAchar	ia	牙
Template:IPAchar	ua	花
Template:IPAchar	e	鵝
Template:IPAchar	ue	和
Template:IPAchar	ie	煙
Template:IPAchar	ye	冤
Template:IPAchar	ai	哀
Template:IPAchar	uai	懷
Template:IPAchar	ei	給
Template:IPAchar	ui	灰
Template:IPAchar	au	熬
Template:IPAchar	iau	妖
Template:IPAchar	eu	歐
Template:IPAchar	ieu	優
Template:IPAchar	an	安
Template:IPAchar	uan	歡
Template:IPAchar	on	昂	舊式; = 新式 Template:IPAchar
Template:IPAchar	ion	央	舊式; = 新式 Template:IPAchar
Template:IPAchar	uon	黃	舊式; = 新式 Template:IPAchar
Template:IPAchar	ang	昂	新式; = 舊式 Template:IPAchar
Template:IPAchar	iang	央	新式; = 舊式 Template:IPAchar
Template:IPAchar	uang	黃	新式; = 舊式 Template:IPAchar
Template:IPAchar	eng	恩
Template:IPAchar	ing	英
Template:IPAchar	ung	轟
Template:IPAchar	yng	雲
Template:IPAchar	ah	喝	在新式中多併入 Template:IPAchar
Template:IPAchar	iah	鴨
Template:IPAchar	uah	滑	在新式中多併入 Template:IPAchar
Template:IPAchar	eh	黑
Template:IPAchar	ieh	一
Template:IPAchar	ueh	忽
Template:IPAchar	yeh	月

兒化

在原有韻尾後加上“r”來表示兒化。對於韻尾-e (/ɤ/)，要在“r”前加上一個撇，即-e'r (/ɤɻ/)，以區別於-er (/əɻ/)。

聲調

聲調名	聲調值	維基詞典	例	註
平聲	11	1	翻
上聲	53	2	反
去聲	45	3	飯
陰入	2	4	法
陽入	54	5	罰	在新式中併入陰入
輕聲

湘語

聲母

IPA	維基詞典	例	註
Template:IPAchar	b	巴
Template:IPAchar	p	趴
Template:IPAchar	m	媽
Template:IPAchar	f	花
Template:IPAchar	d	打
Template:IPAchar	t	他
Template:IPAchar	l	拿
Template:IPAchar	z	渣	在新式中當在Template:IPAchar前時改用Template:IPAchar
Template:IPAchar	c	叉	在新式中當在Template:IPAchar前時改用Template:IPAchar
Template:IPAchar	s	沙	在新式中當在Template:IPAchar前時改用Template:IPAchar
Template:IPAchar	zh	遮	在新式中併入Template:IPAchar
Template:IPAchar	ch	畬	在新式中併入Template:IPAchar
Template:IPAchar	sh	賒	在新式中併入Template:IPAchar
Template:IPAchar	r	惹
Template:IPAchar	j	佳
Template:IPAchar	q	喫
Template:IPAchar	ny	黏
Template:IPAchar	x	蝦
Template:IPAchar	g	家
Template:IPAchar	k	抲
Template:IPAchar	ng	椏
Template:IPAchar	h	蝦

韻母

IPA	維基詞典	例	註
Template:IPAchar	r	資	只在Template:IPAchar後
Template:IPAchar	r	知	只在Template:IPAchar後
Template:IPAchar	i	衣
Template:IPAchar	u	烏
Template:IPAchar	y	淤
Template:IPAchar	a	阿
Template:IPAchar	ia	鴉
Template:IPAchar	ua	蛙
Template:IPAchar	ya	噦
Template:IPAchar	o	窩
Template:IPAchar	io	喲
Template:IPAchar	e	兒
Template:IPAchar	ie	椰
Template:IPAchar	ue	國
Template:IPAchar	ye	抈
Template:IPAchar	ai	哀
Template:IPAchar	uai	歪
Template:IPAchar	yai	衰
Template:IPAchar	ei	欸
Template:IPAchar	uei	威
Template:IPAchar	yei	銳
Template:IPAchar	au	熬
Template:IPAchar	iau	腰
Template:IPAchar	ou	猴
Template:IPAchar	iou	優
Template:IPAchar	onn	完
Template:IPAchar	enn	占
Template:IPAchar	ienn	煙
Template:IPAchar	yenn	冤
Template:IPAchar	en	恩
Template:IPAchar	in	因
Template:IPAchar	un	溫
Template:IPAchar	yn	暈
Template:IPAchar	an	安
Template:IPAchar	ian	秧
Template:IPAchar	uan	彎
Template:IPAchar	yan	霜
Template:IPAchar	ong	翁	在新式中併入Template:IPAchar
Template:IPAchar	iong	雍	在新式中併入Template:IPAchar
Template:IPAchar	m	姆
Template:IPAchar	n	你

聲調

聲調名	聲調值	維基詞典	例
陰平	33	1	詩
陽平	13	2	時
上聲	41	3	使
陰去	45	4	世
陽去	21	5	是
入聲	24	6	食
輕聲		（無符號）	猴子

變調

$陽平 [13] + 陰去 [45] \to [接近 24，但仍與入聲有區別] + 陰去 [45]$
(快速說話時) ${\begin{matrix} 陰平 [33] \\ 陽平 [13] \\ 入聲 [24] \end{matrix}} + 入聲 [24] \to {\begin{matrix} 陰平 [33] \\ 陽平 [13] \\ 入聲 [24] \end{matrix}} + [44]$

贛語

聲母

IPA	維基詞典	例	註
Template:IPAchar	b	巴
Template:IPAchar	p	爬
Template:IPAchar	m	馬
Template:IPAchar	f	花
Template:IPAchar	d	打
Template:IPAchar	t	他
Template:IPAchar	l	拉
Template:IPAchar	z	遮
Template:IPAchar	c	車
Template:IPAchar	s	沙
Template:IPAchar	j	姐	只在高位前元音前
Template:IPAchar	q	且	只在高位前元音前
Template:IPAchar	ny	膩	只在高位前元音前
Template:IPAchar	x	寫	只在高位前元音前
Template:IPAchar	g	家
Template:IPAchar	k	抲
Template:IPAchar	ng	丫
Template:IPAchar	h	蝦

韻母

IPA	維基詞典	例	註
Template:IPAchar	i	資	只在Template:IPAchar後
Template:IPAchar	i	衣
Template:IPAchar	u	烏
Template:IPAchar	y	迂
Template:IPAchar	a	丫
Template:IPAchar	ia	爺
Template:IPAchar	ua	娃
Template:IPAchar	o	我
Template:IPAchar	uo	窩
Template:IPAchar	e	許
Template:IPAchar	ie	渠
Template:IPAchar	ue	-
Template:IPAchar	ye	靴
Template:IPAchar	eo	而
Template:IPAchar	m	姆	零聲母
Template:IPAchar	n	你	零聲母
Template:IPAchar	ng	五	零聲母
Template:IPAchar	ai	愛
Template:IPAchar	uai	歪
Template:IPAchar	oi	-	只用作感歎詞
Template:IPAchar	ei	-	只用於縮約形式
Template:IPAchar	i	灰	只在Template:IPAchar後
Template:IPAchar	ui	委
Template:IPAchar	au	咬
Template:IPAchar	eu	猴
Template:IPAchar	ieu	腰
Template:IPAchar	iu	洲	只在Template:IPAchar後
Template:IPAchar	iu	優
Template:IPAchar	an	淹
Template:IPAchar	uan	彎
Template:IPAchar	on	安
Template:IPAchar	uon	完
Template:IPAchar	yon	冤
Template:IPAchar	en	恆
Template:IPAchar	ien	煙
Template:IPAchar	iin	本
Template:IPAchar	in	陰
Template:IPAchar	un	文
Template:IPAchar	yn	雲
Template:IPAchar	ang	坑
Template:IPAchar	iang	影
Template:IPAchar	uang	橫
Template:IPAchar	ong	巷
Template:IPAchar	iong	羊
Template:IPAchar	uong	王
Template:IPAchar	ung	翁
Template:IPAchar	iung	擁
Template:IPAchar	at	鴨
Template:IPAchar	uat	挖
Template:IPAchar	ot	喝
Template:IPAchar	uot	活
Template:IPAchar	yot	越
Template:IPAchar	et	黑
Template:IPAchar	iet	頁
Template:IPAchar	uet	國
Template:IPAchar	iit	不
Template:IPAchar	it	一
Template:IPAchar	ut	骨
Template:IPAchar	yt	屈
Template:IPAchar	ah	客
Template:IPAchar	iah	額
Template:IPAchar	uah	-
Template:IPAchar	oh	惡
Template:IPAchar	ioh	藥
Template:IPAchar	uoh	郭
Template:IPAchar	uh	屋
Template:IPAchar	iuh	肉

聲調

聲調名	聲調值	維基詞典	例	註
陰平	42	1	翻
陽平(A)	24	2	襻	只與送氣聲母搭配
上聲	213	3	反
陽平(B)	35	4	凡	只與不送氣聲母搭配
去聲	11	5	飯
陰入	5	6	法
陽入	2	7	罰
輕聲		（無符號）	朋友

變調

$上聲 [213] + {\begin{matrix} 陰平 [42] \\ 陽平 (A) [24] \\ 陽平 (B) [35] \\ 陰入 [5] \end{matrix}} \to [13] + {\begin{matrix} 陰平 [42] \\ 陽平 (A) [24] \\ 陽平 (B) [35] \\ 陰入 [5] \end{matrix}}$
$上聲 [213] + {\begin{matrix} 上聲 [213] \\ 去聲 [11] \\ 陽入 [2] \end{matrix}} \to [24] + {\begin{matrix} 上聲 [213] \\ 去聲 [11] \\ 陽入 [2] \end{matrix}}$
$上聲 [213] + 輕聲 \to [21] + 輕聲$

重音

在音節前加一個撇號(')來表示重音。

Template:L 'jin¹ nyit⁶

Template:L sui³ 'guo³

吳語

聲母與韻母

維基詞典羅馬化	清濁	錢乃榮羅馬化	吴音小字典	IPA	例字
p	清	b	p	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
ph	清	p	ph	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
b	濁	bh	b	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
m	濁	m	m	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
'm	清		'm	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
f	清	f	f	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
v	濁	fh	v	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
	清		vh	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
t	清	d	t	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
th	清	t	th	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
d	濁	dh	d	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
n	濁	n	n	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
'n	清		'n	Template:IPAchar	Template:L Template:L_(文)Template:L_(文)
l	濁	l	l	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
'l	清		'l	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
ts	清	z	ts	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
tsh	清	c	tsh	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
dz	清		dz	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
s	清	s	s	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
z	濁	sh	z	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
j	清	j	c(i) ts(i)	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
q	清	q	ch(i) tsh(i)	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
jj	濁	jh	j(i)	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
ny	濁	ny	ny	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
'ny	清		'ny	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
x	清	x	s(i) sh(i)	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
xx	濁	xh	z(i) zh(i)	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
k	清	g	k	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
kh	清	k	kh	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
g	濁	gh	g	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
ng	濁	ng	ng	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
'ng	清		'ng	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
h	清	h	h	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
	清	hh	-	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
hh	濁	wh	gh y/w^{[note 1]}	Template:IPAchar	Template:L

↑ Don't forget to change the final to i-, u-, y-.

維基詞典羅馬化	錢乃榮羅馬化	吴音小字典	IPA	例字
a	a	a	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
o	o	o	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
au	ao	au	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
eu		eu	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
e	e	e, ai, ae	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
oe	oe	oe	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
i	i, yi	i, ie, y, ye	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
ia	ia, ya	ia, ya	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
iau	iao, yao	iau, yau	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
ieu		ieu, yeu	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
u	u	u	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
ua	ua	ua, wa	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
ue	ue	ue, we	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
uoe		uoe, woe	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
y	yu	iu, yu	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
yoe		ioe, yoe	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
an	ang	an	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
aan	ang	aon	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
en	en	en	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
on	ong	on	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
aq	ak	ah	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
oq	ok	oh	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
eq	ek	eh	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
ian		ian, yan	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
iaan		iaon, yaon	Template:IPAchar	Template:L_(白)
in	in	in, yin	Template:IPAchar	Template:L_(白)
ion		ion, yon	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
iaq		iah, yah	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
ioq		ioh, yoh	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
iq	ik	ih, yih	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
uan		uan, wan	Template:IPAchar	Template:L_～火
uaan		uaon, waon	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
un		uen, wun	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
uaq		uah, wah	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
ueq		ueh, weh	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
yn		iuin, yuin	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
yq		uih, yuih	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
er	er	r	Template:IPAchar	Template:L_(文)
r	y	y	Template:IPAchar	Template:L
mm		m	Template:IPAchar	Template:L_(白)Template:L_(白)Template:L_～沒
ngg	n	ng	Template:IPAchar	Template:L_(白)Template:L_端～

聲調

Unlike other varieties such as Beijing Mandarin (right-prominent, limited but systematic), Guangzhou Cantonese (rare and non-systematic, but with certain patterns) or Taiwanese Hokkien (right-prominent, widespread and systematic), the tone sandhi rules in Shanghainese comprise two parts—a left-prominent word tone sandhi rule, and a right-prominent phrase tone sandhi rule. Words of fossilised nature follow the first rule, and analysable phrases (usually of verb + noun composition) follow the second rule.

For the former, the tone sandhi pattern is entirely dependent on (i.e. predictable from) the tonal category of the first syllable and independent of the tonal categories of the other syllables.

There are five tonal categories (or "tones") in new-style (Template:Lang) Shanghainese, a reduction from six in old-style (Template:Lang) Shanghainese. The tonal category a character belongs to can essentially be inferred from its Middle Chinese pronunciation, or pronunciations from other Chinese varieties. Middle Chinese had four tones—level, rising, departing and checked. In the development to Shanghainese, each of the four Middle Chinese tones split in two, conditioned by the voicing (voiceless—dark, voiced—light) of the initial of the character. Three of the resultant eight tonal categories then merged with other categories, producing five tonal categories in total.

Several of these tonal categories are non-phonemic; that is, they are predictable from the voicing of the initial consonant and from whether the syllable is checked (ending in a glottal stop). Only tones 1 and 2 are contrastive: they both occur in syllables with voiceless initials and no final glottal stop.

Suzhou by contrast has seven tones, three of which are phonemic. For more, see Suzhou dialect § Tones on Wikipedia.

調號	調名	清濁	調值	例字	對應中古漢語聲調
1	Template:Zh-l	清	Template:IPAfont 53	Template:L	陰平
2	Template:Zh-l	清	Template:IPAfont 34	Template:L	陰上、陰去
3	Template:Zh-l	濁	Template:IPAfont 23	Template:L	陽平、陽上、陽去
4	Template:Zh-l	清	Template:IPAfont 55	Template:L	陰入
5	Template:Zh-l	濁	Template:IPAfont 12	Template:L	陽入

Template:Attention

Left-prominent tone sandhi (word sandhi)

Each of these five categories then has a tone sandhi pattern, depending on the number of syllables in the word.

Left-prominent word tone sandhi patterns
Tonal category	Monosyllabics	Disyllabics	Trisyllabics	Tetrasyllabics	Pentasyllabics
1. Dark level type	53	55＋21	55＋33＋21	55＋33＋33＋21	55＋33＋33＋33＋21
2. Dark departing type	34	33＋44	33＋55＋21	33＋55＋33＋21	33＋55＋33＋33＋21
3. Light departing type	23	22＋44	22＋55＋21	22＋55＋33＋21	22＋55＋33＋33＋21
4. Dark checked type	55	33＋44	33＋55＋21	33＋55＋33＋21	33＋55＋33＋33＋21
5. Light checked type	12	11＋23	11＋22＋23	11＋22＋22＋23 22＋55＋33＋21	22＋55＋33＋33＋21

For Wu romanisations in the template Template:Temp, the romanisation is made up of: tonal category of the first character (one-digit number) + romanisations of the initial and final of each character (separated by spaces).

Right-prominent tone sandhi (phrase sandhi)

When words combine form a phrase, the following right-prominent sandhi rules apply. In short, when the word A in appears non-finally in a phrase, its last syllable (A-x) changes to a flat (level) tone. The tone sandhi value that syllable A-x changes to is conditioned by three factors: (1) the tonal category of syllable A-x, (2) the number of syllables in word A, and if the number of syllables in A is 1 – (3) whether word A is tightly associated with the word preceding word A.

Word undergoing sandhi (i.e. word A)	Tonal category of last syllable of word undergoing sandhi (i.e. syllable A-x)					Example
Word undergoing sandhi (i.e. word A)	Tone 1	Tone 2	Tone 3	Tone 4	Tone 5	Example
Monosyllabic word unbound to any word preceding it	44		33	44	22	Template:Zh-l Template:Zh-l
Monosyllabic word tightly bound to a monosyllabic word preceding it	44		33	44	22	Template:Zh-l
Multisyllabic word	33			33		Template:Zh-l
Monosyllabic word tightly bound to a multisyllabic word preceding it	33			33		Template:Zh-l

Tone "-" forces a mid-tone on a monosyllable.

Conversion from MiniDict tone notation

Template:Lang (level), Template:Lang (rising), Template:Lang (departing), and Template:Lang (checked) should be used for reference, not the numbers.

MiniDict to Wiktionary tone conversion
MiniDict	Voicing of initial	Tone category
Template:Lang	voiced	3
Template:Lang	voiceless	1
Template:Lang	voiced	3
Template:Lang	voiceless	2
Template:Lang	voiced	3
Template:Lang	voiceless	2
Template:Lang	voiced	5
Template:Lang	voiceless	4

Other notations

The notation + is explained above in the #Right-prominent tone sandhi (phrase sandhi) section. Additionally, the symbol & can be used in sentences to annotate the division of words. This is primarily used in the transcriptions of Wu phrases and sentences in Template:Temp; for example, as shown on the page Template:Zh-l, the transcription for Template:Lang in Wu is 1jin tsau&3zr&2sa&5nyiq jiaq.

Examples

Template:L: 1tson hho
Template:L: 1thi ze
Template:L: 2hu tsaan zan
Template:L: 3di zr
Template:L: 3hhoe koq
Template:L: 4faq liq
Template:L: 5zeq pen

Resources

For checking the pronunciation of words: Comprehensive Dictionary of Shanghainese (Template:Lang) - uses IPA notations throughout the book
For checking the pronunciation of characters: Wu Chinese MiniDict
Note that this website uses a different romanisation system than the one implemented here. Their romanisation scheme aims to be a pan-Wu scheme, and occasionally describes the phonology of Shanghainese unintuitively.

Correspondences with WT romanisation:
Initials (MiniDict = WT): c = j, ch = q, j = jj, sh = x, zh = xx, si = xi, zi = xxi, gh = hh
Null-initials followed by glides 'y-', 'w-' are pronounced with the 'hh' initial. i.e. Template:Lang yih = hhiq and Template:Lang waon = hhuaan

Finals (MiniDict = WT): ou = u, iu = y, yu = r, ie = i, aon = aan, iuin = yn, -h = -q, aeh = eq, iuih = yq, r = er, -iu- = -y-, ng = ngg, m = mm

Tones: Template:Lang (level), Template:Lang (rising), Template:Lang (departing), Template:Lang (checked). To know whether it is dark or light, check the voicing of the initial. Voiced initials = light, voiceless = dark.

[1] Don't forget to change the final to i-, u-, y-.

[note 1]